A disclaimer so you won't sue me when you break a leg
Bai he liang chi:
The White Crane Spreads its Wings
- the Chen style way. Taken from DAO,
special edition Taijiquan: p.40, ISSN 0944-9221. Roel Jansen, again, has been as kind as to point out the original source: fig.32, p.82, in Gu Liuxin and Chen Jiazhen's compilation on Chen Style Taijiquan. It shows Chen Zhaokui's
presentation of xin jia yi lu.
Web sources on Chen style taijiquan you may find, or not, worthwhile
Note: The order of presentation implies no ranking as to importance or relevance
of the sources. I will just enter what I have found, and you, for the moment
at least, will have to scroll a little to see what is useful for you. If the
list becomes too long to scroll, I will think of some way to reorganize it.
As you may imagine, real masters of taijiquan do not have any time to set up websites. That's at least what
you may safely deduct if you take a look at
Chen Xiaowang's travel schedule (01/2006) which now is
available on the website of the Chen Xiaowang World Taijiquan Association. The schedule is very convenient because it
contains all of the contact details to the organizers of his worldwide training events, from A like Argentina to
not quite Z, but at least to the United States of America in 2005, so you can contact them if you are in the vicinity
and want to join. Of course, you can also find some
photos and other stuff. But the schedule takes
the cake.
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There is no English language source more competent to be found on Chen
style taijiquan than the distinguished The Chenstyle Journal, and
you can link to this journal
online, following the Art of China "Taijiquan" link
(10/1999), now also, as of Volume 5, No.1, 1999. Authors of The Chenstyle Journal
include renowned grandmasters, masters, teachers, and scholars as Feng Zhiqiang,
Ma Hong, Gu Liuxin, Chen Zhenglei, Greg Bissell, Herb Rich, or Stanley Henning -
to name a few only. I think there is no more I need to add to get you excited
about this journal. Otherwise, the ISSN is 1068-1337.
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The most complete resource page on Chen style taijiquan I have encountered
on the web is the (previously updated, as Dave Lull, the "website hunter" behind Scheele's
links page was as kind as to point out some time to me; and now again reshaped
and relocated, though you can still follow the old link and will be redirected) site made by
Herb Rich (01/2005). It
includes sections on history (including profiles of masters of Chen taijiquan
since Chen Wangting's times), the different styles (lao jia, xin jia, xiao jia,
zhaobao jia, and hu lei jia), forms (yi lu, er lu, modern forms), numerous links,
adresses, and other sources. While his former page which had not been updated
since September 1996 will only refer you to the new one, do not expect to find
an identical page. The site is nicely designed, and there are now a number of
animated video sequences which you may enjoy. Depending on your hard and software
power, opening of the video clips will take considerable time. It is not necessary
to wait for the clips, however, to browse thru the site since the rest of
the pages build up faster.
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Mike Sigman's new website (07/1999; it seems
the old one below is still working) contains an article by Chen Zhaokui
on training for sparring which you may wish to read, especially if you are into
sparring and self-defense applications of taijiquan. There are also guidelines for
training reeling silk exercises by Mike Sigman.
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As far as didactics are concerned, the
Chen Taijiquan page of Zheng Yu Xu
(02/1999) is a favorite of mine. If you seek straightforward instruction on diverse aspects of
Chen style taijiquan in frank style, but modest, and without any mystification,
you will like it too. It contains sections on Chinese martial arts, history,
techniques, and exercises. The site is well structured, not yet completed,
but full of detailed practical hints and information, and written with an idea
of what the Western beginner (and even advanced student) may have in mind when
asking. Of course, it will not replace a teacher, but it is a good companion,
and a valuable antidote to bad practices. What more can you expect from a website?
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In only three months time, since July 1999,
Jarek Szymanski
(01/2006) had put together a site that is very interesting to
visit and has been growing ever since. It contains information not only on
Chen style taijiquan, but also
on baguazhang, xingyiquan, and the services Jarek offers from his base in
Shanghai, e.g. searching for literature and material, or organizing visits
to China. Concerning Chen style, Jarek has started translating some texts
which will be of interest to readers who cannot speak Chinese. You can find
excerpts from Chen Xin's Illustrated Explanation of Chen Family Taijiquan,
Cheng Changxing's Important Words on Martial Applications, as well as
The Origins and Development of Taijiquan. Jarek promised there was more
to come. And he has kept his promise, i.e. you will always find new content.
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If you have not been to Chen family ditch of Wen County of Jiaozuo City of Henan Province of the People's
Republic of China yet, the best account I have seen on it has been written by Daniel Poon.
Entitled Chenvillage (01/2005), it brings to you not only credible
information on the village, but also provides a well-informed and down-to-earth introduction to Chen-style taijiquan.
You will find information on kith and kin of the current grandmasters (i.e. potential future grandmasters),
training opportunities, styles of practice, attitudes, and some specifics on weapons usage or taijiquan principles
and postures. To sum it up, there is a little bit for everyone, be they beginners or advanced students, on this site.
For those who have not come to terms with relaxing their hips and sinking elbows, there is a special section which
explains such requirements in Western physiological terms. I also like Poon's statement that "the Chen form is just
one big reeling silk exercise". By the way, the site may also be found at
eclipse.
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Andrea Cheng has conducted an interview with Master Ma
Hong (01/2005) which is very dense in content, for Hsing-I Journal. Ma Hong
(19th generation, instructed by Chen Dao Kuei), assisted by Master Xu Gouming (George Xu), elaborates
on how he learned, how he is teaching, and some 20 minimum principles to observe if you want to be
complete in Chen taijiquan.
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The Sydney Tai Chi & Qigong Centre's page contains an instructive and
didactic essay by Chen Xiaowang, translated to English by Tan Leepeng, on
The Five Levels of Skill in Chen Style Taijiquan
(01/2006) wherein Xiaowang explains various stages of gongfu one needs to go thru to
achieve completeness in skill: 1) Keeping the body straight and head and neck
erect with mindfulness at the tip of the head, as well as relaxation of shoulders
and sinking of elbows, relaxation of chest, waist and crotch, and bending of
knees. 2) Reduction of shortcomings such as stiff force produced while practicing,
over- and under-exertion of force, as well as movements not well coordinated.
3) Progressing from mastering big circle to medium circle, 4) from medium circle
to small circle, and 5) from the small circle to commanding an invisible circle,
i.e. from mastering the form to executing the form invisibly. On top of the
reeling silk presentation by Chen Xiaowang that was posted on the previous
site in 1999 already, but there is now an
interview with Chen Xiaowang
available which contains illustrations of the martial application of the movement
yv nv chuan suo and the handling of a roundhouse kick.
Furthermore, there are other "action" photos of Chen Xiaowang available in the photo galery.
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There is more to learn about Chen Xiaowang and Chen style taijiquan in an article written by C. P. Ong called
Chen Xiaowang - Carrying the burden
of taiji legacy (01/2006).
It provides you with a little lore of taijiquan and Chen Xiaowang experiences from early training to obtaining the
Guojia Gaoji Jiaolian recognition by the Chinese government and to spreading taijiquan across the globe,
but does not forget to refer back to "The basis of Taiji's Martial Skills" and the diligent practice it takes to
develop and refine them: an inspiring article for anyone who wants to know what to strive for in practice.
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There is an abreviated version of an interview with Xu Guoming (George Xu)
from Tai Chi International (2). It refers, among others, to how Master Xu began his training and learned,
what you should look for in a teacher, and what makes a good student, as well as four powers in tui shou: light cover,
heavy cover, match, and suck. My favorite quote from this interview would be: "Remember, martial
art, not martial work." For the complete version you will have to buy the issue.
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Ian Young has conducted an
interview with Mike Sigman for Tai Chi Chuan Magazine in 1996
which makes nice reading if you wish to begin to really acquaint yourself
with the meaning of internal strength and come from the Western world. Mike Sigman clarifies, among others,
that reference made to "qi" in numerous translations of texts on martial art from Chinese incorrectly assumes
this to be "etheric qi", explains the importance of the fundamentals he stresses in his workshops, and regrets
the low level of taijiquan instruction he frequently encounters. If you are not a complete beginner, you may want
to check out his simple teacher assessment method. Of course, as you can imagine, this test is
being challenged.
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If you are ready for more after reading the interview with Mike Sigman
above, you may just as well turn to some of his own articles in issues of
Internal Strength Magazine from 1993-94. There is a
series of 6 "How to" articles
that explain how to develop peng force and connection, tying skill and down-force, and pushing with peng force. Do not
stop at the first article: The sixth article still clarifies some of the questions you may have had when reading
(and if you did not have any more questions, check the sixth article anyway because it provides additional
information). There are also
6 practical training tips that
go along with the articles. But, do not forget -- as Mike Sigman does not tire to reiterate it, reading
these articles will not develop peng, only many repetitions at low effort to repattern your muscle use. There is
a German translation of these articles, by the way.
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Stanley Henning's article on
Ignorance, Legend and Taijiquan (01/2005), was originally
published in The Chen-Style Taijiquan Journal 2 (3) 1994. He discusses the creation of the myth that
Zhang Sanfeng has created taijiquan from the view of a learned scholar of the history of Chinese martial arts,
tracing three main phases: (1) prior 1669 when Zhang was considered a taoist immortal, (2)
from 1669-1900 when Zhang was considered originator of the internal boxing school, and (3) post 1900
when Zhang was attributed the creation of taijiquan itself. If you wish to find the original Chinese writing of
sources quoted, you need to turn to the journal though since they do not show in this hypertext version.
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Wenpei Paul Chou has created a Chen taijiquan site that some
refer to as "cool", probably due to its VRML models and other downloadable stuff. While I am not too much into that
(and there is little that comes close to watching a real master), I am also convinced that this is not the main point
of his site. This dedicated "training site", in fact, is full of information on various aspects of taijiquan: class
material, lineage, Chen Fake, Master Pan Wingchow, peng jing, chung chi, etc. It is definitely worth a visit.
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Yang Yang, a student of Feng Zhiqiang who teaches in Champaign and Urbana, Illinois, USA, had published an article
written by Marvin Smalheiser, editor of T'ai Chi Magazine, based on an interview with Yang Yang and other inputs,
describing how to "build skills with 3 core methods",
and which emphasizes the importance of form, push hands, and wuji standing meditation in order to attain higher
levels in taijiquan. Since I first ran over this site many years ago, considerable changes have been made, and it is
definitely worth revisiting. For example, you can find an excellent article on
best practices (07/2007) in training taijiquan;
excerpts of an article by Yang Yang and Scott Grubisich on
Feng Zhiqiang on Integrating Mind and Body; an article
by Jean Van Ryzin on bringing taijiquan to older people; as well
as numerous links to health-related research articles on taijiquan as
published in medical journals.
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If you are having trouble to purchase the book on Chen Style Taijiquan
compiled by Zhaohua Publishing House in Hong Kong and Beijing of 1984, you
will find at least the first
part written by Gu Liuxin
on the origin, evolution and development of shadow boxing. The
book itself is real value for money, though, if you are truly interested in Chen
style taijiquan.
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The site of the
American Chen Style Tai Chi Association (ACT) (05/2003), founded in 1996 by
Yan Gaofei through the authority of his teacher Chen Quanzhong (19th
Generation Chen Family), which seeks to promote the original large frame
of Chen style taijiquan contains a number of illustrated articles you may find worthwhile.
Current topics include, inter alia, "Chen Family Stories", "Acupuncture
Points Related to Chen Tai Chi Study", "Why is Wuji So Important for Improving
Health", "Rooting", and "Pang, Lu, Ji, and An". They are included as images in
the webpages which unfortunately increases their loading and printing times. But
it is worth taking a look.
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The homepage of the World Chen Taiji Association Germany (WCTAG)
(05/2003) is interesting if you want to be on top of Chen taijiquan activities in Germany. WCTAG is headed by
Jan Silberstorff (21st generation, instructed by Shen Xijing and Chen Xiaowang). Of the school
sites I know, it is the most elaborated one with sections on teachers, classes,
seminars, graduation within the system, articles etc. It is all in German
language. If you know German, you may like to consider joining a reading circle (against a modest
cost recovery fee of ca. USD 10 p.a.) recently created by Jan Silberstorff. You will receive draft
articles on various facets of taijiquan and translations of Chinese texts before they are going to be
published in the respective martial art magazines.
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Master Tong Yausun's page
(10/1999) is an interesting school site to visit because it contains information on different
grand masters, as, e.g., Chen Fake, Gu Liuxin, Feng Zhiqiang, and He Bingquan
for Chen style taijiquan. It is one of the few school sites I have encountered
so far that display some of their own teaching method on the site, in this
case based on Gu Liuxin's theory. Besides that, Master Tong offers historical
tapes of renowned Chinese taijiquan masters of all major schools. The site
has plenty of photographs you may want to take a look (Master Tong enjoys
photography, as he told me). What I like, too, is that important terms and
names also appear in Chinese characters. Master Tong has studied taijiquan with grandmaster
Feng Zhiqiang and Gu Liuxin.
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The International Chen Style Taijiquan
Association (05/2003) was founded in 1991 to promote the teaching and practice of
Taijiquan as taught by Ren Guangyi, a student of Chen Xiaowang. Page build-up
is rather slow, and the site is still heavily under construction. But you can
obtain information on Ren Guangyi, the association, seminars, materials that can
be ordered already.
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By the way, Martha Burr, has taken the time to document Ren Guangyi's
Modern Master's Journey
(01/2006) in an article published in Kungfu Magazine. Here's your potential favorite quote about
Ren Guangyi's first encounter with Chen Xiaowang: "I was trying to beat him up so I could go to
Shaolin, but I couldn't! So then, I wanted to learn that taiji!".
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One of the students of Ren Guangyi is Stephan Berwick. If you have ever watched any of
Ren Guangyi's instruction tapes, for example, you will often see him as a sparring partner.
I have now run over a website he has created, which puts it very frank:
Is your taijiquan true (01/2006)?
A challenge to everyone equiped with a browser to study taijiquan, right!?! There are a
number of interesting links which lead you to further web resources, and some of
Stephen's own publications are made accessible, inter alia,
The Chinese Straight Sword & Chen Taijiquan
or Chen Taijiquan: The Ultimate Grappling Art?
Quem quizer pode tambem consultar a traducao para lingua portuguese do ultimo artigo acima mencionado
(Tai Chi Chuan Chen: a mais moderna arte de agarramento?).
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Joseph Chen's website
(05/2003) of the Zhiqiang Chen-Taiji Academy of Canada provides an interesting
digression into the differences in approach and teaching between Feng
Zhiqiang and Hong Junsheng, both of whom studied with Grandmaster Chen
Fake, however, during different periods. The site lists Hong's 81 Form,
some short articles on taijiquan and some anecdotes on Chen Fake as
transmitted by Hong Junsheng as well as, of course, information on the
academy and Joseph Chen's teaching.
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"Grandmaster goes business" is what you may think when you hit the site of the
Chen Zhenglei Taichi Network (05/2003).
The Henan Chen Zhenglei Taichi Culture Co. Ltd. prides itself to have grandmaster
Chen Zhenglei as a general advisor and head coach of company which, according to the site, is
devoting itself to the publicity, promotion and spread of taijiquan and making it a dominant way for
people to keep themselves healthy and fit. Be that as it may, the site does provide interesting
information on Chen style taijiquan, including in English language. For example, you will find short
biographies of top Chen style practicioners in China such as Wang Haijun, Zhang Dongwu, Chen Juan,
Chen Bin, et al. There are articles on practicing Chen style as well as on its origins. On the whole, maybe
currently the best English speaking resource page made by Chinese in China to turn to.
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There is another article by Martha Burr which focuses on
Chen Zhen Lei - Handing
down the family treasure of Chen taijiquan (01/2006). The article seems to be very well researched and
brings you as close as can be to Chen Zhenglei's life and his path to becoming one of the most important
masters and figures in taijiquan today.
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I am not sure who is behind the Taiji Funs Company (09/2000)
of Gao Feng in Beijing, but if you have some space on your harddisk, you could consider downloading complete
routines from their Tai Chi Forms Download Center. There is an offer for a free download of the Simplified
18 movement Chen style routine by Chen Zhenglei (55 files, ca. 30 MB total) as well as for the competition
form (74 files, ca. 60 MB total). These files are MPV files which you may view with xing or mpeg player
programs, and the site offers a possibility to download a file cut program by which you can merge the files
to be able to see the whole routines, i.e. as one file. Also the Pao Chui routine by Chen Zhenglei is offered
as a download against remittance of a cheque over USD 8.00.
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Jasmine Bu and Chong Sien Long in Singapore have devoted their page to
Chenjiagou Taijiquan (01/2005). You will find information on grandmaster
Zhu Tiancai and other useful information on
Chen style taijiquan.
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Si vous parlez francais, you may have wondered for a long time whether there is any website you might turn
to for information on Chen style. I have run across one now which is hosted by the
Association de Tai Ji Quan de la Tradition Chen (CFAETCC)
(05/2003) which is based in Ivry sur Seine (France). The related school focusses on the small frame (xiao jia)
of Chen style and works with Chen Lixian and Chen Peiju as masters. There is a page with a number of interesting links,
and you will also find French translations of Chen style material, e.g. by Chen Xin on
posture and basic techniques.
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Adam Hsu reminds taijiquan practitioners of the importance of the
"second" hand (05/2003)
(i.e. not the lead hand) which he feels is frequently enough neglected to the detriment of achievement.
The message is: "...there is no such thing as a major hand and a minor hand".
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There is a small website maintained by John Prince on Master Chen Yu
(05/2003), a son of Chen Zhaokui who is not very well known outside of Chen style circles.
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Another website by Marin Spivack dedicated to Chen style of the "Chen Zhaokui line" (which appears a little
sectarian to me since it is not really a special line, as I see it - but that's for you to decide after browsing it)
likewise refers to Chen Yu (01/2006).
The site contains a few videos and a photo galery so you can acquaint yourself a little more with Chen Yu.
The webmaster also has some wise words to offer with regard to diligent
training
and etiquette (which many people in Western countries and
sometimes even China are not too familiar with anymore), although, I must say, they come in rather plain language.
But maybe that's necessary in a world where mega and giga exagerations seem to have become a norm, and fun is all
you seek.
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There is a taijiquan page maintained by
Peter Lim Tian Tek
(05/2003) with information on Chen style taijiquan. It contains sections on the martial
arts practiced in the Chen village as well as the development of Chen taijiquan.
He endorses the (disputed) view that Chen Wangting had learned part of his art
from Jiang Fa, namely the internal part of it, and thereby contests Gu Liuxin's
theory that attributes the creation of taijiquan to Chen Wangting. He also
traces strong elements of Sung Tai Zhu (chang) quan (First Emperor of Sung's
long boxing), hongquan (Shaolin red fist), paoquan (Shaolin cannon fist), and
pao chui (cannon pounding) in Chen style taijiquan. Linked pages refer to Jiang
Fa's supposed teacher Wang Tsung Yueh (Wang Zongyue). The arguments forwarded appear to
have some merit. However, I have no way to judge the reading of the original sources quoted,
and have run across many other texts which seem better researched and cannot effectively
trace any taijiquan lineage before Chen Wangting (and Jiang Fa). As to the elements of other
styles that are traced, I would suppose that it is impossible to create a complete boxing system
out of nothing and that the total number of movements that can be created is limited (by
body mechanics) anyway.
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Feng Zhiqiang is one of the best indoor students of Chen Fake, and is renowned for his
excellent martial skills and the creation of his own Hunyuan style. His disciples in the
USA (Feng Zhiqiang Chen Style Taijiquan Academy)
(11/2006) have posted a transcript of a workshop held in 2001 with Feng near San Francisco and which goes
into considerable detail about diverse aspects of taijiquan practice. No matter whether you are
into Hunyuan or not, it is definitely worth a read. Besides this, there are also transcripts of
the (Chinese) "Feng Zhi Qiang Taijiquan Series - Volume III: Huan Yuan 24 Form" video (as
demonstrated by Zhang Xuexin) which may interest you more if you practice Hunyuan.
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If you are in need for some Chen lore to capture the attention of the juvenile delinquents in your class,
and it seems that it is increasingly published, how about "An Anecdotal History of the Chen Style Taijiquan"
translated by Bill Tucker in (published in
Internal Martial Arts
[05/2003], Issue 1, June, 1999). Don't get carried too far away, though -- you might not be able to concentrate
during your next training session on what is really important.
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Mark Wasson's article on Chen Xiaowang
was published in Kungfu Magazine. It is a description of Chen Xiaowang with the eyes of
a person from another martial art system.
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If you want to read of another encounter "of the third kind" with highly evolved taijiquan skill,
there is the description of Kenneth Chung
meeting Feng Zhiqiang in San Francisco in 1985. Kenneth Chung is from the Wing Chung system.
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If you are interested in an article that explains the usage of Chen
style spiral twining and "chan suu jin", you can turn to
"
The 3-Dimensional Spiral Force" (11/1999) by Master Peter Wu, a student of
Hong Junsheng. The site where the article is located also may be of
interest if you seek information on the health aspects of taijiquan. For
example, you may want to read the article of Paul Lam on
"
How does Tai Chi Help Arthritis?" (11/1999). Besides videos on
special forms developed by Paul Lam, as "Tai Chi for Health", "Tai Chi for
Arthritis", and "Tai Chi for Older Adults", you can also purchase a video
on the 36 form of Chen style (i.e. the competition routine created by Beijing University
professor Kan Guixiang).
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Paul Lam has written another article which may help you better understand the specifics of taijiquan styles by
Comparing Chen and Sun Styles
(01/2006). While I do not agree that Chen style requires low stances (Chen Xiaowang, in fact, always emphasizes that
everyone should practice according to his or her physical ability and can thus choose between high, middle, and low
stances.), I do understand, from sparring with other Chen enthusiasts, his following reasoning: "I found that learning
Chen style ..., one could easily fall into the trap of becoming fixed with
hardness." Yet any good Chen style instructor should make sure you do not fall into that trap, and you also may fall
into the trap of being "too soft" or "only soft" when learning from a mediocre teacher of other styles. As to Paul Lam's
view that "practitioners of Chen style are more likely injure themselves in training" and "have injured their knee
joints", I cannot confirm this from my own experience. If you pay attention to proper posture and the exact execution
of each movement in the routine, you should not suffer any injuries at all. What one might concede is that because
the propensity for Chen practicioners to participate in push hand and free fighting training and competitions is higher
than for other styles, they may be tumbled more often and occasionally injure themselves. On the whole, his conclusions
are very pragmatic: Enjoy appreciating the differences, discover the hidden similarities, and work them out to improve your
taijiquan skills!
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Anyone who visits China (and gets up early enough in the morning to see them exercising), will admire the flexibility and
generally good health of elderly people. That is most likely also one of the reasons why the market for pharmaceuticals
in China differs tremendously from the rest of the world. Since this may be difficult to imagine if you have never
seen it for yourself, and because the lack of "scientific" proof is always a stumbling stone for promotors of
taijiquan in the West, you may find it useful to read into an article posted on the findings of the
United States National Institute on Aging (USNIA) regarding reduced falls of older people even only after relatively short
training periods in taijiquan, indicating both increased balance and strength. You may find it on
Tony Wong's site on Chen style taijiquan.
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You will find a both very complete (some 30 pages) and very well researched introduction to
taijiquan (its origin theories, the main styles, masters, etc.) on the homesite of the German
Budo Studien Kreis.
It is in German language only (although the homepage has an English entry page).
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If you wondered what is meant by the frequently quoted "classic texts" on
taijiquan, you can find translations of these on
Lee N. Scheele's Page (01/2006).
The origin of these texts and their authorship is disputed. But you should at
least know what is meant when they are being refered to, and they make nice reading
also. Scheele's home page also has numerous links to other taijiquan sites
on the web. If you prefer paper to screen, there is also a nice
book
with translations of classic texts I have recently encountered.
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Charles Tauber's article
"Chen-Style Taijiquan: A Lost Art?"
is a nice short introductory text for people who want to acquaint themselves with Chen taijiquan
(and possibly do not know too much of taijiquan yet). It centers on Master Li Lai Ren's training
methods at his school Chen Style Taijiquan Workshop Canada.
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While not on Chen style taijiquan as such, Xiang Kairen's article
A Study of Taiji Push-Hands
is interesting for any person looking for some written reference on tui shou exercises. It is an
account on personal experience in with learning tui shou step by step, and relating this to the
so-called classic texts on taijiquan.
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You may say "it's about time", but for a niche martial art one should always have cautious expectations. Anyway, Chen
style taijiquan has made its entry into the Wikipedia
(07/2007), a web-based, free content encyclopedia, written collaboratively by volunteers from all over. I have not
checked who has drafted the entry, but it's a good start. What's nice about Wikipedia is
that it is a real internet tool, maximizing the benefits of open internet usage. It's not shiny, but very effective.
There are
policies and guidelines which are able to
guarantee minimum quality standards. So let's hope that we can collaboratively expand our encyclopedic knowledge of
Chen style. For the time being, the information is not extensively referenced yet. But there already a number of links even
to videos for various forms.
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